Mafilimu owonda akupitirizabe kukopa chidwi cha ofufuza. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kafukufuku waposachedwa komanso wozama pakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo, njira zosinthira zosinthira, komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mtsogolo.
"Film" ndi mawu achibale a zinthu ziwiri-dimensional (2D) zomwe zimakhala zowonda kwambiri kuposa gawo lapansi, kaya likufuna kuphimba gawo lapansi kapena kukhala pakati pa malo awiri. M'mafakitale amakono, makulidwe a mafilimu oondawa nthawi zambiri amayambira ku sub-nanometer (nm) miyeso ya atomiki (ie, <1 nm) mpaka ma micrometer angapo (μm). Single-wosanjikiza graphene ali makulidwe a atomu mpweya umodzi (ie ~ 0.335 nm).
Mafilimu ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokongoletsera ndi zojambula m'nthawi zakale. Masiku ano, zinthu zamtengo wapatali ndi zodzikongoletsera zimakutidwa ndi mafilimu opyapyala azitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga mkuwa, siliva, golide ndi platinamu.
Mafilimu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi chitetezo chakuthupi cha malo kuti asagwe, kukhudzika, kukanda, kukokoloka ndi mikwingwirima. Zigawo za kaboni ngati diamondi (DLC) ndi MoSi2 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza injini zamagalimoto kuti zisawonongeke komanso kuti zisawonongeke chifukwa cha mikangano pakati pa magawo osuntha.
Mafilimu opyapyala amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuteteza malo osinthika kuchokera ku chilengedwe, kaya ndi okosijeni kapena hydration chifukwa cha chinyezi. Makanema oteteza chitetezo alandila chidwi kwambiri pazida za semiconductor, zolekanitsa mafilimu a dielectric, ma elekitirodi apakanema amafilimu, ndi kusokoneza kwamagetsi (EMI). Makamaka, ma transistors a metal oxide field effect (MOSFETs) ali ndi mafilimu opangidwa ndi mankhwala komanso otentha kwambiri monga SiO2, ndi complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) ali ndi mafilimu amkuwa.
Ma elekitirodi afilimu yopyapyala amachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zochulukirapo mpaka kuchuluka kwa ma supercapacitor kangapo. Kuphatikiza apo, mafilimu opyapyala achitsulo komanso pakali pano ma MXenes (transition metal carbides, nitrides kapena carbonitrides) mafilimu oonda a ceramic a perovskite amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuteteza zida zamagetsi kuti zisasokonezedwe ndi ma elekitiroma.
Mu PVD, chinthu chomwe mukufuna chimasinthidwa ndikusamutsidwa kuchipinda cha vacuum chomwe chili ndi gawo lapansi. Nthunzi imayamba kuyika pamwamba pa gawo lapansi chifukwa cha condensation. Vacuum imalepheretsa kusakanikirana kwa zonyansa ndi kugundana pakati pa mamolekyu a nthunzi ndi mamolekyu otsalira a gasi.
Chisokonezo chomwe chinayambika mu nthunzi, kutentha kwa kutentha, kutentha kwa nthunzi, ndi kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zinthu zomwe mukufuna kuchita zimathandizira kwambiri pozindikira kufanana kwa filimu ndi nthawi yokonza. Njira zokopera madzi ndi monga kutenthetsa kodziletsa, kutenthetsa kwa ma elekitironi, ndipo posachedwapa, ma molecular beam epitaxy.
Kuipa kwa PVD wamba ndikulephera kutulutsa zinthu zosungunuka kwambiri komanso kusintha kwamapangidwe komwe kumapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zidayikidwa chifukwa chakusintha kwa evaporation-condensation. Magnetron sputtering ndi njira ya m'badwo wotsatira yomwe imathetsa mavutowa. Mu magnetron sputtering, chandamale mamolekyu ndi ejected (sputtered) ndi bombardment ndi mphamvu ma ion zabwino kudzera maginito kwapangidwa ndi magnetron.
Makanema owonda amakhala ndi malo apadera pazida zamakono zamagetsi, zowoneka bwino, zamakina, zazithunzi, zotentha ndi maginito komanso zinthu zokongoletsa chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo, kuphatikizika komanso magwiridwe antchito. PVD ndi CVD ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyika nthunzi popanga mafilimu opyapyala kuyambira makulidwe a nanometer pang'ono mpaka ma micrometer ochepa.
Mapangidwe omaliza a filimu yosungidwa imakhudza momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso kuchita bwino. Komabe, njira zochepetsera filimu yopyapyala zimafunikira kufufuza kwina kuti athe kulosera molondola za filimu yopyapyala kutengera zomwe zilipo, zida zomwe zasankhidwa, ndi gawo la gawo lapansi.
Msika wapadziko lonse lapansi wa semiconductor walowa munthawi yosangalatsa. Kufunika kwaukadaulo wa chip kwalimbikitsa komanso kuchedwetsa chitukuko chamakampani, ndipo kuchepa kwa chip komweku kukuyembekezeka kupitilira kwakanthawi. Zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano zitha kusintha tsogolo lamakampani pomwe izi zikupitilira
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mabatire opangidwa ndi graphene ndi mabatire olimba-boma ndikopangidwa ndi ma elekitirodi. Ngakhale ma cathodes nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa, ma allotropes a carbon amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga anode.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, intaneti ya Zinthu yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira pafupifupi m'madera onse, koma ndizofunikira kwambiri pamakampani opanga magetsi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-23-2023