E ʻae ka ʻenehana hou i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka metala koʻikoʻi

Pono e hana ʻia nā metala he nui a me kā lākou pūhui i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi ma mua o ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā huahana ʻenehana e like me ka uila, hōʻike, nā wahie, a me nā noi catalytic. Eia naʻe, paʻakikī nā metala "kūʻokoʻa", me nā mea e like me ka platinum, iridium, ruthenium, a me tungsten, e lilo i kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni no ka mea e koi ʻia nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa (pinepine ma luna o 2,000 degere Celsius) e hoʻopau iā lākou.
ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻopili nā ʻepekema i kēia mau kiʻiʻoniʻoni metala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano e like me ka sputtering a me ka electron beam evaporation. ʻO ka mea hope e pili ana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka evaporation o ka metala ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana ʻana o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi ma luna o ka pā. Eia nō naʻe, he pipiʻi kēia ʻano hana kuʻuna, hoʻopau i ka ikehu nui, a hiki ʻole ke palekana ma muli o ka uila kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana ʻia.
Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau metala e hana i nā huahana he nui, mai nā semiconductor no nā polokalamu kamepiula e hōʻike i nā ʻenehana. ʻO Platinum, no ka laʻana, he mea nui hoʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka catalyst mālama a ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nei no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā polokalamu spintronics.