Alloys ma muli o ke kālā a me nā metala ʻē aʻe. He nui nāʻano o nā'āpana kālā,ʻo ka mea nui loa o ia mau mea: nā'āpana kālā-keleawe, nā'āpana kālā-magnesium, nā'āpana kālā-nickel, nā'āpana kālā-tungsten, nā'āpana kālā-hao a me nā'āpana kālā-cerium.
ʻO nā mea metala makamae me ke kālā ka mea nui. E hoʻohana maʻamau i ke kālā maʻemaʻe a i ʻole ke kālā maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe (99.9*** ma luna) ma ke ʻano he mea maka, pono e pale i ka bismuth, lead, antimony a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke hana ʻia ke kālā me nā mea he nui i loko o ka hopena paʻa, nā pūhui intermetallic a i ʻole ka pae waena, a me nā ʻano mea like ʻole (false alloy). Ma muli o nā pono, hiki ke hana ʻia i binary, ternary a i ʻole polyalloys. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻāpana kālā ma nā wahi he nui o ka ʻenehana ʻenehana.
ʻO nā hoʻohana nui o nā alloys kālā:
(1) nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana kālā-keleawe-zinc ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā moʻo huila, e like me AgCuZn system, AgCuZnCd system, AgCuZnNi system; kala-nickel alloy, silver-copper alloy;
Loaʻa i ka 90% kālā a me 10% keleawe keleawe i kapa ʻia ke kālā kālā, helu heheʻe 875 ℃; i loko o 80% kālā a me 20% keleawe keleawe i kapa ʻia he kālā hana maikaʻi, helu heheʻe 814 ℃; Loaʻa iā 40% a i ʻole 60% kālā a me ke keleawe, zinc, cadmium alloys i kapa ʻia ʻo solder kālā, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 600 ℃. Hoʻohana nui ʻia e hoʻopili i nā koi ikaika kiʻekiʻe o nā huahana metala.
(2) nā mea hoʻopili kālā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hui kālā-keleawe (AgCu3, AgCu7.5), a me ka huila kala-cadmium oxide a me ke kala-nickel alloy;
(3) nā mea kū'ē kālā ma muli o ke kālā, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka coefficient kūpaʻa manganese tin alloy, haʻahaʻa ka coefficient mahana kūʻē, liʻiliʻi ka mea wela keleawe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he resistor maʻamau a me ka potentiometer winding material; kala molybdenum huila, kala tungsten huila, kala ferroalloy, kala cadmium huila;
(4) nā mea hoʻopaʻa kālā ma muli o ke kālā, hoʻohana maʻamau i ke kala-tin alloy AgSn3 ~ 5, AgPb0.4 ~ 0.7, AgPd3 ~ 5 a pēlā aku;
(5) nā mea niho e pili ana i ke kālā, amalgam kālā, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo amalgam, ʻo ia ka mercury ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe, kālā-copper-tin-zinc e like me ka pauka alloy, hiki mai ka hopena ma o ka wili ʻana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻano huila, ʻO nā mea veneer kūpono loa. ʻO ka amalgam kala AgxHg, keʻokeʻo paʻa ʻole. ʻOkoʻa kona haku mele ma muli o ka mahana hoʻokumu; Ag13Hg (445°C), Ag11Hg (357°C), Ag4Hg (302°C), AgHg2 (emi mai 300°C)
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka waiwai o ke kala.
He palupalu loa ke kala a maʻalahi ka hana. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kona ikaika a me ka paʻakikī a hoʻonui i kona pale ʻana, ua hoʻohui ka poʻe i ke keleawe i ke kālā e hana i nā ʻāpana kālā-keleawe, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea nani, nā papa ʻaina a me nā kālā kālā. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana o ke kala-keleawe huila, hoʻohui pinepine i ka nickel, beryllium, vanadium, lithium a me nā hui ʻekolu o nā mea i loko o nā alloys ternary. Eia kekahi, nui nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻohui ʻia i ke kālā hiki ke pāʻani i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole inert ke kālā i ka lewa organik, akā maʻalahi ka sulfur-containing atmosphere corrosion a sulfide. ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa kālā sulfide ma o ke ʻano o ka alloying, e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke gula a me ka palladium hiki ke hōʻemi i ka helu o ka hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni kālā sulfide. Eia kekahi, nui nā mea metala kumu e like me ka manganese, antimony, tin, germanium, arsenic, gallium, indium, aluminika, zinc, nickel, vanadium i loko o ke kālā hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna mau waiwai anti-sulfuration. He nui nā ʻano mea hoʻopili uila e pili ana i ke kālā, aia ka mokuʻāina alloy, aia nō hoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano metallurgy pauka i hana ʻia me ka alloy wahaheʻe, ʻo ke kumu e hoʻoikaika ai, kūpaʻa a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai pili uila.
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mar-07-2024